THE STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Towards a new legislative term

Contents 7 Introduction. The challenges facing Europe Luise Rürup and Diego López Garrido I.  THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT 13 European identity and the new geopolitics Carlos Carnero 19 Improving European governance and the future of Europe José Candela Castillo 27 Perspectives for future enlargements of the Union José Enrique de Ayala 37 Situation of the Rule of Law in the European Union. The Annual Mechanism Francisco Fonseca Morillo 49 European defence in the aftermath of the war in Ukraine: is strategic autonomy a genuinely shared and realistic objective? Mercedes Guinea Llorente 67 2022-2023: Confederal progress compatible with federal deepening Francisco Aldecoa Luzárraga II.  THE POLITICS 77 Five years with the Pillar of Social Rights: Europe’s social situation in times of crises Björn Hacker 87 Migration and asylum policies Elena Muñoz 95 The member states have to make some far-reaching decisions: What can a common European industrial strategy look like in the climate-neutral age? What principles should guide their external energy and trade policy? Claudia Detsch 105 The European Green Deal and the Carbon Pricing Policies to Reach a Net-Zero Economy: The Revised Emission Trading System and the Carbon Border Adjustement Mechanism José Luis Escario 113 Biographies