Libro blanco de las ACES Pediátricas 2024

Neumología Pediátrica. Anexos ❚ 701 2. Physiology/pathophysiology a. Understand the relation between lung growth and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide b. Understand the effect of restriction of the chest wall on growth of the lung c. Understand the effect of living at a high altitude on lung growth d. Understand the effect of pneumonectomy on the growth of the remaining lung and thoracic cage e. Know that lung distention influences growth of the remaining lung after pneumonectomy f. Know the roles of surfactant proteins in host defenses g. Understand the impact on lung growth of reduced inspiratory force in myopathic patients 6. Structure and Function of the Respiratory System A. Upper airway 1. Nose a. Know the anatomy of the nasal turbinates and the sinus ostia b. Understand the function of the turbinates in terms of increasing surface area in the nose c. Understand the function of the nasal passage in terms of humidification and warming of the inspired air d. Know that the nose accounts for approximately half of total inspiratory airway resistance e. Know that posture affects nasal patency, ie, resistance is increased when patients are in the supine position f. Know that nasal airflow resistance decreases during exercise g. Understand the importance of the muscles of the upper airway (including the genioglossus, alar nasal and laryngeal abductors) in maintaining airway patency during inspiration h. Know the cellular components of the nasal epithelium 2. Pharynx a. Nasopharynx/choanae 1. Know the location of the adenoids 2. Understand the importance of velopharyngeal closure in speech and swallowing b. Oropharynx 1. Understand the steps in normal swallowing (closure of the glottis and velopharyngeal valve, coupled with cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation) 2. Understand the function of the genioglossus in determining airway patency 3. Larynx a. Know the normal anatomy of the larynx and the supralaryngeal areas b. Understand the normal function of the vocal cords in protecting the airway c. Know the relative change in position of the larynx during growth in the neonate as compared to in the adult (C3-4 versus C5) d. Understand the innervation of the larynx e. Know that the cricoarytenoid posterior is the only muscle capable of opening the larynx 4. Subglottic space