LIBRO + ANEXOS NEUMOLOGÍA PEDIÁTRICA

Neumología Pediátrica. Anexos ❚ 115 3. Know that both continuous positive airway pressure and sedation may improve airflow in patients with bronchomalacia c. Side effects of therapy 6. Prognosis a. Natural history 1. Know that lobes affected by congenital lobar emphysema usually remain approximately the same size after the first year of age, and therefore become smaller in relation to the remainder of the normal lung 2. Know that the natural histories of sequestration, cystic adenomatoid malformation, and bronchogenic cyst include recurrent infection and abscess formation once initial infection has occurred b. Prognosis with therapy 1. Know that after surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, lung volume may return to normal, but pulmonary perfusion and respiratory reserve are usually permanently abnormal 2. Know that the unaffected lobes are usually normal in patients with cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchogenic cyst, and sequestration 3. Know that local tracheomalacia and a brassy cough are common after correction of tracheoesophageal fistula 4. Know that esophageal dysmotility and recurrent aspiration remain after repair of tracheoesophageal fistula 5. Know that individuals with vascular ring may have localized tracheal narrowing before and after corrective surgery 6. Know that tracheoesophageal fistula may recur after surgical correction 7. Know that individuals with vascular ring may have tracheomalacia before and after corrective surgery C. Asthma 1. Epidemiology a. Definition 1. Know that asthma is defined as a complex disorder characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction with bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying airway inflammation 2. Know that asthma is the most common chronic lung disease in children, affecting 5% to 15% of children 3. Understand the influence of gender on the prevalence of asthma (i.e., that in prepubertal children asthma is more common in males while in postpubertal children it is more common in females) 4. Know that most infants who wheeze in early infancy are asymptomatic by 6 years of age 5. Know that Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic black children have higher asthma prevalence rates compared to non-Hispanic white children 6. Know that Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic black children have higher asthma morbidity and mortality compared to non-Hispanic white children b. Risk factors 1. Understand the relationship between viral infection and asthma