LIBRO + ANEXOS NEUMOLOGÍA PEDIÁTRICA

Neumología Pediátrica. Anexos ❚ 155 e. Know that transient increases in abdominal pressure can exceed normal lower esophageal sphincter tone, producing gastroesophageal reflux f. Know that gastroesophageal reflux is associated with laryngospasm in some infants g. Know that gastroesophageal reflux may be associated with laryngospasm 4. Diagnosis and clinical manifestations a. History 1. Know that gastroesophageal reflux can produce respiratory symptoms in the absence of vomiting b. Physical findings 1. Know the respiratory findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children c. Imaging 1. Know the limitations of imaging studies in gastroesophageal reflux d. Pulmonary function tests e. Other investigations 1. Know the indications and interpretation of esophageal pH and impedance probe studies 2. Know the limitations of esophageal pH and impedance probe studies in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspiration f. Other diagnostic criteria 1. Know that the correlation between the esophageal pH and impedance probe findings and risk of lung disease in infants is poorly defined g. Complications 5. Prevention a. Prevention b. Therapeutic approach 1. Know the therapies used to treat gastroesophageal reflux c. Side effects of therapy 1. Know the complications of pharmacologic agents used to treat gastroesophageal reflux in children 6. Prognosis L. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 1. Epidemiology 2. Etiology/genetics a. Know the factors that are associated with an increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia 3. Pathophysiology a. Pathology 1. Recognize the typical gross and microscopic pathologic picture of lungs affected by bronchopulmonary dysplasia 2. Know that older infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have enlarged alveolar air spaces on histologic examination b. Path mechanisms and consequences 1. Know that compared to full-term infants, prematurely born infants have lower lung levels of anti-oxidant enzymes