LIBRO + ANEXOS NEUMOLOGÍA PEDIÁTRICA

Neumología Pediátrica. Anexos ❚ 173 a. Know that even with appropriate therapy, the long-term prognosis for children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome is variable but the need for ventilatory support is life long b. Know that the development of cor pulmonale in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome is presumed to be due to inadequate ventilation during sleep and/or wakefulness until proven otherwise 3. Apnea of prematurity a. Epidemiology 1. Understand the relationship between gestational age and apnea of prematurity 2. Understand that stresses can exacerbate apnea of prematurity, such as anemia, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, and sepsis b. Etiology/genetics c. Pathophysiology 1. Pathology a. Know that apnea of prematurity may be central, obstructive, or mixed 2. Path mechanisms and consequences a. Know that premature infants have a biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia, with an initial increase in minute ventilation followed by a reduction in minute ventilation to baseline or below d. Diagnosis and clinical manifestations 1. History a. Know that isolated bradycardia in an infant who was born prematurely is suggestive of hypoxemia b. Recognize underlying conditions associated with increased apnea in infants who were born prematurely 2. Physical examination a. Recognize the clinical manifestations of apnea of prematurity 3. Imaging 4. Other studies a. Recognize the indications for polysomnography in infants with apnea of prematurity b. Understand impedance monitoring can detect central apnea but not hypoxemia or airway destruction in patients with apnea of prematurity 5. Diagnostic criteria 6. Complications e. Prevention and therapeutic approach 1. Prevention 2. Therapeutic approach a. Recognize the indications for therapy in patients with apnea of prematurity b. Recognize the indications for home monitoring in infants with apnea of prematurity c. Know that caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity d. Know that nasal CPAP is a nonpharmacologic method for treatment of apnea of prematurity 3. Side effects of therapy a. Recognize the side effects of caffeine in infants with apnea of prematurity