LIBRO + ANEXOS NEUMOLOGÍA PEDIÁTRICA

Neumología Pediátrica. Anexos ❚ 217 reduction in alveolar oxygen (40 mm Hg) that could occur from sea level to stable flight b. PaO2:PAO2 ratio 1. Know that the PaO2/PAO2 ratio does not change with the fraction of inspired oxygen in healthy humans 2. Know the normal value for the PaO2/PAO2 ratio and how this differs in newborn infants 3. Understand the relationship between PCO2 and pH in arterial blood 4. Know the relationship between PaO2 and O2 content 6. Fick's law of diffusion a. Know the determinants of gas diffusion through a membrane according to Fick's first law of diffusion b. Know why carbon monoxide is used as the inspiratory gas to measure diffusing capacity of the lung 7. Arterial hypoxemia a. Understand the effect of intrapulmonary shunt on arterial PO2 b. Know that hypercapnia does not change the (PAO2-PaO2) difference for oxygen c. Recognize that pure or uncomplicated upper airway obstruction is associated with a normal (PAO2-PaO2) difference d. Understand how mixed venous oxygen content contributes to arterial hypoxemia in lungs with V/Q mismatching e. Recognize the pulmonary conditions that produce right-to-left shunts in children with hypoxemia f. Know that hypoxemia due to gas diffusion limitation is most likely to occur during exercise in patients with lung disease or at high altitudes g. Distinguish ventilation-perfusion imbalance from anatomic shunt on the basis of blood gas data h. Know the four physiologic causes of hypoxemia i. Know how hypoventilation causes hypoxemia 8. Shunt equation a. Calculate shunt fraction from the shunt equation b. Know the anatomic cause of shunt in healthy individuals 9. Oxygenation/oxygen-carrying capacity a. Calculate oxygen-carrying capacity and understand its clinical application b. Recognize the clinical factors that alter oxygen-carrying capacity c. Know the adaptations to deficiencies in oxygen-carrying capacity d. Know the definition of venous admixture 10. Oxygen transport a. Diffusion barriers 1. Know that increasing FIO2 in normal lungs does not increase oxygen diffusion into arterial blood b. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 1. Recognize the factors that change the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 2. Recognize the factors that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve