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THE STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
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Application of Community Law at the Secretariat-
General of the European Commission. Co-
author of the European Commission’s White
Paper on European Governance. Counsellor at
the Secretariat-General, European Commission
and Advisor to the Spanish Secretary of State for
the European Union. He is Professor of Philosophy
of Law, Moral and Politics at the Complutense
University of Madrid.
Carlos Carnero
. Managing Director,
Fundación Alternativas. Carnero has served as a
member of the European Parliament (1994-
2009), Spanish ambassador-at-large for European
integration 2009-2012), and Vice-President of
the Party of European Socialists (2006-2009). He
was also a member of the Convention that draft-
ed the European Constitution. He has collabo-
rated on several books, including
Construyendo
la Constitución Europea. Crónica política de la
Convención
,
Manual de Instrucciones de la
Constitución Europea, Europa en la encrucijada
and La diplomacia común europea: el servicio
europeo de acción exterior, Gobernanza
económica de la Unión Europea y salidad de la
crisis
. Carnero holds a degree in Tourism. He is a
visiting professor in the master’s programme of
the Institute of European Studies at the University
CEU-San Pablo and has led several summer cours-
es at the Complutense University of Madrid on
the EU. Carnero is member of the Scientific
Council of Real Instituto Elcano.The Spanish gov-
ernment awarded him the Order of Constitutional
Merit and the Order of Civil Merit for his work
related to the European Union and foreign affairs,
and the European Parliament with its Medal.
Manuel Carvalho da Silva
was born in
1948 in Viatodos, Barcelos, in a family of small
farmers. He was trained as electrician (1965) and
in the first years of his professional career he
worked as blue-collar electrician in several com-
panies. Soon he became unionist, first as a
member of a workers council and later holding
responsibilities in a trade union. He was elected
coordinator of CGTP-IN (General Confederation
of Portuguese Workers - National Trades Union)
in June 1986 and held office as Secretary General
between December 1999 and January 2012. He
graduated in Sociology in 2000 and concluded a
PhD in Sociology in 2007 at ISCTE-IUL (Higher
Institute of Business and Labour Sciences-
University Institute of Lisbon). He became re-
searcher at the Centre for Social Studies (CES) of
the Coimbra University in 2009. Currently he
coordinates the Observatory on Crises and
Alternatives and CES delegation at Lisbon. Since
2011 he teaches as invited Cathedratic Professor
at Lusófona University, Lisbon.
José Castro Caldas
is a researcher at the
Centre for Social Studies (CES) of the Coimbra
University, Portugal. Is a member of CES’s
Observatory on Crises and Alternatives. He was
previously assistant professor at the Economics
Department of ISCTE. He graduated in Economics
and concluded a Master in Mathematics Applied
to Economics and Management at ISEG and a
PhD in Economics at ISCTE-IUL (Higher Institute of
Business and Labour Sciences-University Institute
of Lisbon). His present main research interests in-
clude: personal and collective deliberation, insti-
tutional economics and the history of economics.
José Luis Escario Díaz-Berrio
graduated in
law and is Master of International and
Community Law from the University of Leuven.
He has worked in the European Commission,
EuropeanParliament, the SpanishAdministration.
He has been Policy Advisor for Taxation in Oxfam
Intermón. Currently he is Advisor to the Spanish
Socialist Party Delegation in the European